How nitrogen and phosphorus are recycled by microorganisms, how fertilisers replace lost nutrients, and how leaching causes eutrophication.
How energy flows through ecosystems: biomass, calorimetry, GPP and NPP, net production of consumers and how farming practices increase efficiency.
Required practical 8: how to measure dehydrogenase activity in chloroplast extracts using DCPIP, with method, results and exam questions.
Required practical 7: how to separate leaf pigments by chromatography, why each step matters, and how to calculate Rf values.
Learn the four stages of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and other respiratory substrates, with diagrams and AQA exam questions.
The light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, the chloroplast, and the limiting factors that control the rate of photosynthesis.
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