The cell cycle and the stages of mitosis, the root tip squash practical and mitotic index, cancer, binary fission in bacteria, and how viruses replicate.
The fluid-mosaic model and the five ways substances cross cell membranes, plus required practicals 3 (water potential) and 4 (membrane permeability).
How monoclonal antibodies target drugs to specific cells and diagnose disease, how the ELISA test works, and the ethics of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
How optical and electron microscopes work, magnification and resolution with worked calculations, and how cell fractionation separates organelles.
The structure of HIV, how it replicates inside helper T cells, how it causes the symptoms of AIDS, and why antibiotics don't work against viruses.
How the immune system recognises antigens, phagocytosis, the T cell and B cell responses, antibodies, vaccination and active vs passive immunity.
How prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells, and the structure of viruses: genetic material, capsid and attachment proteins.
The structure and function of each organelle in eukaryotic cells, and how specialised cells are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems.
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